Neurological Disorders In Celiac Patients

Neurological Disorders In coeliac PatientsDaniel MortensenNeurological Disorders In coeliac PatientsIntroductionOpening With grains as Americas briny food staple, it is no surprise to walk peck the aisles of a foodstuff store and see the numerous amounts of cheaply made processed foods containing grains. scintilla gluten is not only contained in the foods we consume, just now it is as well as put in the virtually not so obvious products. Makeup, teas, yogurt, gum, and the list goes on. This expanse of gluten additives adjudge caused a body of individuals to occupy Celiac disorder ( CD), an resistive pain that is associated with range of negative health problems. just ab break of these include gluten ataxia, malabsorption, fatigue,anxiety, migraine and plaguy bowel syndrome (IBS). For the sake of this argument, we will assume grains( wheat berry, rye,refined, unrefined, white-hot, ect) as modern neuter and will incorporate gluten in its structures. We will be focusing on the symptoms in celiac distemper, but it will also pertain to gluten aesthesia (GS) and healthy individuals. This is because some gluten-sensitive or healthy individuals may not lose gluten intolerance symptoms, therefore they do not think its necessary to train checked. This causes a problem identifying the exact pin point of these gluten related immune problems. Regardless if there is no presence of symptoms, individuals ar still a risk for potential autoimmune related problems. As stated, there is a spectrum of health issues related to the ingestion of gluten in this article, and this article will be focusing on the neurological aspect in Celiac patients when gain grains.1) Gluten and neurological disorders have been studied for over 40 years (Psychiatr)2) Celiac disease is approximately 4X greater diagnosed than it was 50 years ago, when CD was underdiagnosed (Rubio-Tapia, 2009) suggest Consuming wheat gluten leads to neurological effectuate in Celiac patients coiff ure TermsCeliac illness an inborn error of metabolism characterized by the inability to hydrolyze peptides contained in gluten. Gluten is found in wheat, oats and barley. This disease tinges adults and new(a) children, who suffer from abdominal distension, vomiting, diarrhea, muscle wasting, extreme lethargy. A characteristic marking is a pale , foul-smelling stool that floats in water because of its spirited fat content. There may be a secondary milk sugar intolerance, and it may become necessary to eliminate all milk products cultivate the diet. Most patients respond well to a richly-protein, high-calorie, gluten- uninvolved diet. Rice and corn ar good substitutes for wheat, and any vitamin or mineral deficiencies gutter be repair with oral preparations. Prognosis is excellent (celiac disease)Ataxia an impaired ability to unionise movement, often characterized by a staggering gait and postural imbalance. It buttocks have umteen causes including lesions in the spinal c ord or cerebellum that may be the seuelae of birth trauma, congetnial disorder ,infection, degenerative disorder, neoplasm, toxic substance, stroke or head injury (ataxiaGluten the insoluble protein constituent of wheat and other grains (rye,oats, and barley(Gluten) modern research shows the correlation between autoimmune diseases and grains ( Visser, 2009). This paper will provided address its controversies.Background The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) advertises the importance of consuming grains as the base of Ameri fannyside diets ( ChooseMyPlate.gov) (1)Modern grains ar modified and it is inconsistent with our lay out based diets. Humans have not evolved to have grain as the bases of their. There was a possibility of consuming ancient grains with no face effects, but the genetic modification of present grain consist of many gluten particles. These modern grains git lead to negative health effects ( Cordian 1999) logical argumentI. The controversy being argued is tha t celiac patients are much likely to rail neurological disorders when eating gluten. Some of these include 1)gluten incursion ataxias2). schizophrenia 3) migraines/ voiceless headachesGluten extends gluten bring on ataxiasMany studies have showed a correlation between gluten and gluten induced ataxias in celiac patients. Recent heading scans shed light on why there is a significant difference in the brain shaping of CD patients compared to their GFD counterparts.These findings are important because they show evidence of white bailiwick lesions, implicating that gluten particles can travel through the bloodstream, therefore it can affect nearly every part of the body. The findings conclude that the formation of white matter lesions is a result of inflammation in the cerebellum. This inflammation produces antibodies that target purkinje cells. indeed attacking purkinje cells leads to permanent cell loss, which can only be seen in gluten ataxia patients. These neurons are vi tal for a healthy functioning spooky system. (citation) Without healthy functioning neurons, this dilemma causes misinterpretation or unreceived messages to the brain. As a result, gluten onset ataxic individuals cannot have full motor control.A gluten palliate diet has been proven to reduce the incidence of gluten onset ataxia and eliminated white matter lesions in the cerebellumA recent register backed up the The Helsinki claim which proved that there was an overall higher(prenominal) fair of ataxia in celiac patients compared to their control group of non -celiac patients. This recent subject area compared a before and aft(prenominal) response of ataxic patients pre and prior to a GFD. Remarkably, they found that just after a year on a GFD, their ataxic patients were symptom free. (Psychiatr Q. 93)Along with axiata,there are other neurological effects that will be further discussedSchizophrenia in CD patients is more likely to increase with in grain ingestion One of the o ffset printing patterns linking the effects of wheat and schizophrenia was noticed during World War II. shrink F. Curtis Dohan noticed the rate of schizophrenia gradually decreased when there was a food shortage, making Americans main food staple, grains, unavailable, and an increase of schizophrenia when the war ended. Ultimately, grains made their way back into the mainstream diets. Doohans cause-and -effect theory was naturalized when he conducted another ravel by removing all wheat products from the schizophrenic patients meals, without their knowledge( before consent was needed for studies). Four weeks later, he saw that there were fewer schizophrenic symptoms. He then invited wheat back to their diets, and soon the symptoms came back. The table to your upper right shows the dramatic change of schizophrenic symptoms when grains were scarce.Another study done to show the effects of gliadin was in rats. The rats were injected with gliadin in high doses and observed the result s. The injection resulted in seizures and unusual behaviors. In my assumption I would conclude that as schizophrenia in rats as a direct result of gluten. (dohan)A recent study conducted by the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) showed that the percentage of schezhprehnnia patients with anti-gliadin antibodies is significantly higher than the overall population of schizophrenic samples. This means that these autoimmune schizophrenics were not diagnosed, but their blood sample contained gluten polypeptides, evidence for GS or CD. Also, those who had a recent onset of symptoms had greater levels of antigliadin antibodies compared to non recent onset group.Studies show CD patients with schizophrenia symptoms are let go 2X as fast when on a GFD (citation)This can bee seen in a 1997 study, where a woman showed signs of schizophrenia and was later diagnosed with CD. She had hallucinations and aspect she could fly. Her brain scan showed abnormalities in he r left frontal cortex. She was put on a GFD and after six months, there were no traces of abnormalities. This women discontinued her antipsychotics, kept up(p) a GFD and is still symptom free one year after her followup. gluten related disorders could be masked under more subtle symptomsGluten can increase the rate of migraine/headachesAs stated in my previous claim, those who had gluten ataxia has a higher increase of white matter lesions, this also holds true for celiac patients who have frequent migraines/headachesIn a study conducted by the ___________We are aware that current medications or lifestyle essential be taken in account before studies beginSome of these medications include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), alcohol consumption, caffeine intake, and contraceptives. These are know to contribute to migraine/ headaches. Medical history is also taken into account, such as recent surgery head, spinal, or neck injuries/surgery. Without proper precaution, resul ts of the studies could be skewed. (citation)A approved research approved by the Animal ethical motive Community showed no significant difference of cerebellar change when injecting mice with high doses of glaidianFor the first few weeks of the mice life, they were put in a toxic free environment and feed a GFD. The mice were both sexes, and through random selection, 10 mice were injected with a variety gladian in high does ( various gladwin could have antithetic results) while the rest were injected with a saline solution.The mice were showed 1/week with a pass or extend test on coordination and true statement of stride lengths. By the end of the 25 week study, the rats were put down and their brains were looked.The findings showed no significant difference in the weekly pass/fail test and no significant change in the brain formation of these ratsIII. Though I concede that there is another influential instrument in the prevalence of neurological disorders, I still insist that most of these disorders spawn from eating wheat. Therefore, this is why in many cases, neurological disorders is more prevalent in celiac diagnosed patients.The rat test conducted by Dohan and ______ provided different results,but __ claims are vague. Biologically, rats differ from human beings and therefore they will react different. care humans, each rat is unique from another and therefore may have different reaction. There could be some bias in the test depending on what the motives are and what major institution was funding these findings.Facts show that 57% of those who have a form of neurological problem will test for the presence of anti-gliadin antibodies, this statement is clearly shown in the tests mentioned above. (Psychiatr)All the claims for the argument stems out of bigger central theme, that gluten in celiac patients can affect the functions and layout of the brain. Whether it is ataxia, schizophrenia, or migraines, gluten particles are capable of traveling through our bloodstream and leaving screw traces of its unwanted presence.ConclusionIn conclusion, there has been numerous studies confirming the neurological effects of gluten in Celiac patients. By consuming grains as a CD individual, scientists and psychiatrists have seen an increased risk for axatxia, migrains and schecprhnic symptoms. The symptoms mentioned in this argument can manifest itself into dangerous health conditions if left untreated. It is best for individuals who think they have celiac disease or a gluten sensitivity or plain healthy individuals to get tested. Although there will always be studies that back up or deny that neurological symptoms in celiac patients are a result of gluten, one fact is true celiac disease is not just a fad and therefore one irreproachable looking muffin cause more harm that you wouldve ever thought.Bibliography languageGluten. Mosbys Medical Dictionary. eighth edition. 2009. PrintCeliac malady Mosbys Medical Dictionary. 8th edition. 2009. P rintataxia Mosbys Medical Dictionary. 8th edition. 2009. PrintIn text Citations(Psychiatr) Jackson, Jessica R., William W. Eaton, Nicola G. Cascella, Alessio Fasano, and Deanna L. Kelly. Neurologic and Psychiatric Manifestations of Celiac Disease and Gluten Sensitivity. Psychiatric Quarterly 83.1 (2012) 91-102. MEDLINE with Full Text. Web. Sept.-Oct. 214.Psychiatr Jackson, Jessica R., William W. Eaton, Nicola G. Cascella, Alessio Fasano, and Deanna L. Kelly. Neurologic and Psychiatric Manifestations of Celiac Disease and Gluten Sensitivity. Psychiatric Quarterly 83.1 (2012) 91-102. MEDLINE with Full Text. Web. Sept.-Oct. 214.(Psychiatr, 93) Jackson, Jessica R., William W. Eaton, Nicola G. Cascella, Alessio Fasano, and Deanna L. Kelly. Neurologic and Psychiatric Manifestations of Celiac Disease and Gluten Sensitivity. Psychiatric Quarterly 83.1 (2012) 91-102. MEDLINE with Full Text. Web. Sept.-Oct. 214.34Dohan FC. Wheat consumption and hospital admissions for schizophrenia during Wor ld War LL. A preliminary report. 1996 Jan18(1)7-10Dohan FC. Celiac disease and schizophrenia. Brit Med J 1973 July 751-52authors, date, page ( only aver evidence)

Accounting Theory And History Accounting Essay

explanation supposition And memoir Accounting EssayAccounting has evolved since it was original un indecisionable and has act to evolve. The endeavor of this essay is to explore and discuss why be, twain pecuniary and focal point has changed over the ending millennium. In state to achieve this aim an in-depth approach pass on be taken into the origins of fibing, its purpose and requirement. This will stringent examining history publishers which are evidence- bumd but are intertwined with value judgement. galore(postnominal) alternative theoretical and practical explanations are offered in literature for the ontogeny of bankers bill statement over time. These course literatures will be evaluated and thither theories will subsequently be accepted or rejected.In companionship to explore the question and beca handling the definitions provided by be bodies are themselves are subject to change, it is polar to first define news report and its purpose. The purpos e of score is to provide selective in initialiseion establish on relevant data that aids aimrs in making sparing decisions.Financial score is designed generally to produce monetary reports which provide in seduceation regarding the firms performance to international riding habitrs such as measure authorities, Investors, Customers and Creditors. Financial Accounting is highly regulated in enounce to figure they provoke trusted characteristics. These characteristics upgrade the engagementfulness of the monetary reports to users. These characteristics are relevance, par, timeliness, mediocre play and objectivity.Management account is apply to prepare accounts and reports that provide accurate and up to date education that allows anxiety to occupy decisions.Accounting actual as people needed a method of written text their as specifys and lieu. If correctty was save and accounted for, it would be easy to prove legal throwership. Accountancy has been aroun d for thousands of historic period. prof L. Plunkett of the College of Charleston calls invoice the oldest professionIn this millennium in that respect read been countless changes and breedings in business relationship. From more primitive methods of simple accounting for property and assets, in assign to record for evidence of legal ownership to a complex regulated form.Management AccountingBritish Entrepreneurs and Pre-industrial Revolution several(predicate)iate of Cost Management a piece by Richard K. Fleischman and Lee D. Parker examines the use and phylogenys of constitute accounting in 1760 to 1850. The tetrad primary(prenominal) areas looked at in woo charge will be live check into techniques, accounting for overhead, courting for routine and special decision making, and standard be.These firms utilise cost data to control raw material input materials. The iron firms stony-broke down be utilise raw material controls, whilst taking into account the diff erential cost of mining and smelting. Textile firms were concerned about the utilitarian raw mixtures and the cost of raw materials input. Marshall textile firm give the practise of using performance cards, which is an efficient method and is exempt used by firms to twenty-four hour period. Performance cards are used daily to supervise and control expenses.. These management accounting practises benefited the occupancy greatly. It allowed marshal to be cost effective and efficient by minimising cost. Gregs was a nonher textile firm which kept wage and expense watchwords to calculate control cost. This helps to identify trends, weaknesses and areas for improvement. For pattern they chthoniango losses in 1829 and where able to identify and attribute these to heightened production costs and outdated machinery.The textile and iron firms were in a highly agonistical market, and so dependent on a market-driven determine favorable corpse. This gradually changed as with fir ms using product costing to aid in determining the topper level of output. Boulton Watt and Wedgewood were able to calculate overheads such as manufactory costs, mend costs and selling expense. This enab direct them to factor these costs into their selling values.Industrial Revolution entrepreneurs employed cost analysis to support vertical consolidation and product line decisions (Fleischman 1990, P367) Decisions such as capital equipment purchases and mineral field leases where taken after mensurable consideration of costing of alternatives. This enabled them to justify and engage capabilityly remedy decisions as the quality of information on which to base the decision on was better.The use of standard costing was associated with an awareness of the cost saving available from appropriate size up control procedures. (Richard K. Fleischman et la 1990) measure costing saved the time of factually having to accumulate actual inventory costs. This is beneficial for firms a s they clear create standard costs, which allow the business to identify and eliminate obsolete items, budget and compare with actual costs, guess a price more easily than calculating a price based on actual cost, create forecasts for production.An Archivist responds to the New Accounting History The Case of the U.S. Mens Clothing Industry is a paper by doubting Thomas Tyson that uses factual evidence on the history of accounting to examine the changes. It focuses principally on the mens clothing industry. Miller and OLeary (1987) implied that the principle of standard costs make it possible to attach to every singular within the firm norms and standards of deportment Standard costing and budgeting made possible a pinpointing of responsibility for preventable inefficiencies at the level of the very individual from whom they derived this is true to an extent and stinkpot be chancen in the British Railways Industrys costing system. BRM failed to budget or use standard costing t ill they were forced to do so as a result of declining profits. This fail mean preventable inefficiencies were non prevented. groundball and Armstrong state the reason for these changes to management accounting being due to the school result of firms struggling. Accounting controls were not a consequence of economic or technological imperatives, but rather were rooted in pares as firms assay to control labour processes in various epochs of capitalistic reading. (HA 1991, P. 405)Along with changes in accounting, there came changes in innovations in management. Scientific management sought to build up itself a right to interfere in peoples lives. This right was eventually to be taken over by an army of techniques of social and economic biography of the enterprise the project of scientific management helped to render apparent and remediable the waste lying deep within the every hunt down of the exiter. (Tyson. T, an archivists response to new accounting history) it is general ly considered that Tysons paper is flawed.Cost accounting in the shipbuilding, engineering and metals industries of the West of Scotland, The Workshops of the Empire, C1900-1960 is a paper by A.I.M. Fleming, S. Mckinstry and K. Wallace. The paper examines the spirit and tuitions of costing systems employed in the shipbuilding, engineering and metals industries of the West of Scotland between the years c1900-1960. These growths cannister be seen as a progression from the cost management practises employed in textile and iron arrive ats examined in the prior paper, adapted to different industries. in that respect were developments necessitated by the fact that most work was switch off-based or job based and so required a different method of cost accounting. Standard costing and budgetary control were rejected as a result of scepticism over the relevance of Taylorism and scientific management to the areas industries. As many of the jobs and contracts were unique, this may not have been a bad thing.The ship building industry split the ships costs into collar main components, Hull, Boilers and Engine. Each had a pause cost-book which recorded direct pay and materials. This system allowed a comparison between the estimated direct costs and actual direct costs. A detailed wage analysis book was kept, separating wage cost for the three main components (hull, engine and boiler). The wage bill for a adult male component was likewise split into separate categories e.g. direct workers, class of workman, piece work-based etc. This allowed them to exploit efficiency in terms of labour costs as staff and materials were already supervised. This also humiliated the risk of theft. there therefore existed a system that enabled the drop backing of costs versus estimate at prime cost level on a progressive al-Qaida as contracts proceeded. (K.Wallace Parker 2000, P363)The British Railway Industry tended to sell in fixed price contracts. The Cost and Weight Book recorded the cost associated with each of the major component of the locomotive e.g. Boiler, firebox etc. This book had a inflexible template each major component was printed on the left and separate costs where printed at the top. This format allowed comparison between different contract cost and understandability. It also allowed for good estimation for future contract costs. This format has changed little in modern management accounting. A failure of the family was to not climby utilise this valuable information as they did not use budgeting, standard costing or marginal costing. Costs were not analysed by de weakenment or works. (K.wallace and Parker 2000) Not until the firm began to decline in 1960 did they expose a form of simple budgeting. This failure to budget was a weakness that was eventually addressed but cost the firm potential cost saving efficiencies.The Industrial Revolution versus the Managerial Revolution Distinguishing distinction in Accounting Practices a pa per by Keith Hoskin and Richard Macve discusses the eccentric of accounting as a producer of Modern Managerialism. The accounting practises of writing, examining and grading came to structure human activity for those who intentional to learn under them, it is understandable how accounting could discover a new fictional character in the business context. (Hoskin Macve, 1993, p 9) This statement indicates an evolving role of accounting in business and influencing the structuring of human activity. This surmise was seen being employed at capital of Illinois Armoury. The armoury generated a giving quantities of accounting information costs were tracked, records of production were kept , full-cost estimates made for pricing decisions, including the industriousness of charges for interest and depreciation. (Hoskin Macve, 1993, p 9) This was done in order to form a complete system of accountability. This was an important step along with the initiation of charges for interest and d epreciation.This paper relates to economic rational supposition which can be used to explain the developments in management accounting. People make choices based on their rational outlook, available information and past experiences. (Investopedia online, http//www.investopedia.com/terms/r/rational surmisalofexpectations.aspaxzz1g2suXeki)As the result of highly competitive markets and rising labour costs reduced profits, firms developed cost management techniques, such as cost control to control and break down the cost of individual materials used, accounting for overheads which allows firms to factor costs such as fixed and factory costs into the selling price and standard costing which allows budgeting and comparison with actual costs.An workout of economic rational theory is the British Locomotive Company who learned from past experiences of losing cost saving for not using budgeting, standard costing or marginal costing and as a result they introduce a form of simple budgeting. Economic rational also set the changes in monastic houses. Changes were introduced after rational outlook, weaknesses and past impuissances were identified were taken into account. Albion Motors and Monastic houses and Estates have also made changes based on their economic rational.These changes represent the evolution of management accounting over the last millennium. In the paper The Industrial Revolution versus the Managerial Revolution we see prodigious changes to management accounting because of a need to control labour and maximise labour efficiency. This is because of the abolition of slavery which centre that employees must be paid. This marrow employees must maximise labour effectiveness and efficiency. This led to the managerial revolution. Springfield armoury used labour control to increase productivity and reduce costs.We see a development in cost management practises in the in British Entrepreneurs and Pre-Industrial Revolution Evidence of Cost Management paper. Fl eischman states the elongated period of decline of market prices that affected the iron industry firms from 1808 to 1830. The struggle to cope with falling market prices caused firms in the industry to undertake careful investigations of their iron-making costs (K.wallace and Parker 2000, P368) The decline motivated these developments in cost management. They were brought about by a need to adapt to other changes in the market and saving at the time. The practises in use at the time were inadequate and out-dated. The developments allowed them to better identify weaknesses, which had the effect of increasing production, efficiency, decreasing waste and helping set a better selling price.In Cost accounting in the shipbuilding, engineering and metals industries of the West of Scotland, the Workshops of the Empire, C1900-1960 we see further development of cost management system. The reason for these specific developments was that shipbuilding and railway jobs where contract based and so it would not be ideal to use standard costing. It was necessary to use another method of cost accounting.Financial AccountingThe first paper that will be discussed is The development of pecuniary management and control in monastic houses and estates in England c.1200-1540 by Alisdair Dobie.The changes focus mainly on the home(a) function of a monastery. These changes are necessitated by changing fixs and pressures, economic and religious which arose from 1200 in the lead. (Dobie, 2008 P.2)Monastic houses where not all the comparable, there were different orders. Each was governed by different sets of rules. New orders were formed when there were perceived weaknesses in constituted orders. These new orders introduced additional sets of rules. Each Benedictine house was to a self-aggrandising extent autonomous and accountable for its own affairs.(Dobie 2008, P3). This statement indicates a detail of accountability within the houses. As a result of failings due to Benedict ine self-regulation, new orders emerged which lead to each house forming a subsidiary part of the whole order. This meant that each separate house was subject to inspection, regulation and control from the order as a whole. These inspections were a form of audit from the order on the house. Changes in management might vary from order to order and house to house, depending upon individual situations, relevance and needs. (Dobie, 2008 P2) Changes were introduced after weaknesses were identified, in order to go along improvement and bring together all houses from the same orders to using the same set of rules.Financial management and control changes can be scummy down into three categories the safeguarding of the assets of the house the exploitation of its resources and, the efforts to ensure that all resources were used effectively and efficiently. Safeguarding the assets of the house meant physically securing and maintaining them against for example encroachment, diminution or alie nation. (Dobie, 2008 P4) growth of resources meant making full use of land and estate. This was a response to failing grain prices and rising labour costs. Efficiency and effectiveness referred to the efficiency and effective use of resources by the house. other major developments during this time were the standardisation of accounts which allowed comparability and relevance, accounting was also taught at university from the fourteenth century onwards.A substantial development in the early millennium is seen in renaissance Italy. There was a rise in trade and banking. A form of double- creation book keeping was already being used by banks to keep track of debtors and creditors.Luca Pacioli, the Perfect Accountant is a paper by Dr F G Volmer, University of Limburg, which discusses the life and works of Luca Pacioli. Paciolis work has had a great warp on accountancy. His existenceation Summa De Arithmetica was widely recognised as a giant resile forward for double-entry book keepi ng. Paciolis Summa was a conceptual textile of best accounting and business practices. Summa was written in Tuscan and Venetian dialects. Pacioli used these preferably of Latin to allow the educated and non-educated to benefit equally from his work. Paciolis conceptual framework is very similar to the FASBs 1976 conceptual framework. the principles of systematicalness, consistency and reliability then emerge. each item must be systematically and carefully recorded in the inventory with all countermarks, full names and in as overmuch detail an as possible (Volmer P7)200 years before Pacioli Italians traders began using Arabic numerals in order to keep track of profits rather of roman numerals. This was an important change. Arabic numerals were easier to understand and easier to use in an accounting format. This change is a step in the direction of modern day management accounting where English numbers which are similar to Arabic numerals are used for bookkeeping.Rouse and Rouse sum up Paciolis innovations under different headings The use of alphabetical order as a means of arranging words and ideas This development of a new visually oriented layout created an easy to use and understand template for double entry. Paciolis fully-developed double-entry system, with bi-lateral layout and systematic cross-referencing of debit and credit, was a particular form of the new general textuality. This bi-lateral layout of the double-entry system is still in use to this day. It allows cross-referencing of credits and debits which is particularly useful for to banks. This partially answers the main question as to why management accounting has changed over the last millennium. Paciolis influential work resulted in necessary positive changes in accountancy. He introduced three books of record the ledger, the memorandum and the journal. These required debit and credit legal proceeding to be balance. Books that did not balance usually indicated an error.Dowlais iron Compa ny Accounting Policies and Procedures for Profit Measurement and Reporting Purposes by J. R. Edwards and C. Baber is a paper that heads development in both monetary and management accounting.DIC implemented a stout system of management accounting. Book-keepers were employed by DIC to maintain the books of accounting on a strict double entry basis (a double-entry system developed by Luca Pacioli). This was a family business, but the business was treated as a separate legal entity. This is common in modern businesses as it allows throttle liability for the owners. This can also be seen when personal non-business transactions undertaken by owners were properly accounted for by the relevant partners current account.DIC adhered to three out of the four main fundamental concepts of accounting when preparing financial statement. These were vigilance, going concern and consistency. little emphasis was placed on the use of the accruals concept, especially in its application to the tre atment of capital white plague (Edwards and Baber 1979 P142) This is not unusual for businesses in the 1800s and was mainly due to a perceived conflict between the accruals and prudence concepts, with the prudence concept being considered more beneficial. This contrasts with a more balanced use of both concepts currently used today. The use of these concepts shows a development of financial accounting within the organisation.DICs system of capital accounting is said to have helped the firm successfully grow to an immense size. This was funded through internal finance. The assurance on internal finance led to problems during the 1850s. A succession of duty losses drained the reserve funds. This led to DIC reorganising the Works and turn to external finance. Profit returned to acceptable levels in the mid-1860sWe see in the private ledgers that there were summary balance sheets till 1861 this suggested that there was information that the management was attempting to hide. From 1861 onwards the attach to accountant adopted the policy of adding the relevant narrative explaining each total. This policy is still in use today and shows further development in financial accounting at the time. Companies summarise and disclose remarkable and relevant information relating to the figures in accounts in the notes. This would have been done to enhance the understandibility, allowing for totals to be broken up and examined.The financial reportage practises of British municipal corporations 1835-1933 a study in accounting innovation by Hugh M Coombs and John Richard Edwards is a paper in which we see the government fulfilling the role of a regulatory body. Developments were mainly in response to growing central government concern with corruption, mismanagement and lack of accountability. (Combes Edwards, 1995 P2) This in short led to the excogitation of the Municipal Corporations Act 1835. This act attempted to ensure proper regulation of municipal corporations. The b orough treasures was obliged to make true accounts of all transactions, make books available for inspection by the councillors, to prepare an account for the council as and when required, to enclose accounts to auditors elected by the ratepayers, to sign and cause to be printed a full abstract of his accounts, and to make the accounts available for inspection by ratepayers. (H. M. Combes et la, 1995) This shows a tighten up of regulation and an increase in accountability. It is a significant development in financial accounting.During this time we also see a move away from notes accounting to accruals. The accruals concept had antecedently been viewed with scepticism as seen in Dowlais Iron Company as it conflicted with the prudence concept. Cash-based accounting was at times restrictive and its disadvantages far out way its advantages. Accruals based accounting on the other hand protects against negligence and irregularity by recording every step of a transaction, enables the stat ement of an entitys profit and loss and financial position it records values and it provides a stable and homogenous basis for statistics. (Combes Edwards, 1995 P2)The guerilla development during this time was the use of the double accounting system of financial reporting. This system is able to combine the attributes of charge/discharge accounting with mercantile accounting. (Combes Edwards, 1995 P3) It is a combination of stewardship orientation and profit calculation orientation. The advantage of this system is that it would prevent anyone from being misled into assuming a connection between expenditure appearing debited in the capital account and the actual value of works associated with that expenditureIn the paper Engineering farming and accounting development at Albion Motors 1900- c.1970 by surface-to-air missile McKinstry we see the relationship between Albion Motors accounting systems and its engineering-orientated culture. This paper shows changes in both financial a nd management accounting. Albion motors used a well-developed double entry system, a system no doubt derived from the work of Pacioli. Depreciation was also charged on machinery, by assessing there useful life. Depreciation ranged from between 10% and 33.3%. Albion motors also used one of the first firms to use full accruals accounting, which is a clear change as firms had previously preferred to us prudence. Full accounts were but produced every financial year, as was a full stocktaking. A plant register was kept and retained by the engineering department. This allowed for accountability and reduced the chances of fraud in the depots.Albion motors employed a highly skilled but unqualified a company secretary and cashier, although this was not uncommon at the time when they became a public company they employed a chartered accountant. This is a significant development as the qualified accountants involvement reinforces the reputability of the companys financial accounts. It is now necessary for the public company accounts to be produced by someone who is qualified to do so, as not to do so would lead investors to question their accuracy. The non-qualified employee responsible for all accounting from 1914 until 1950 was succeeded by a chartered accountant. This emphasizes the reputation and influence of the profession of accountancy. It is around 1950s that there is seen the emergence of the financial accountant. The need of the users of financial information is changing, the emergence of this new official role show that clearly. Investors confidence in financial reports is dependent on financial information having characteristics which are discussed in IAS 1. Financial information must be relevant, up to date, reliable and free from bias. The financial accountant is qualified to produce financial information that abides by these criteria.Christie Malrys own double entry by B.S. Johnson An meter reading as foucauldian disclosures a paper by Sam McKinstry th at examines the work of the novelist B.S. Johnson. This paper discusses the idea that accounting can be used to convey certain information to certain people. In this case the issue that the Double-entry system only favours specific interests in ordering and disadvantages others. (McKinstry 2006 P990) This directly disagrees with public interest theory which states that regulation is initially put in place to benefit society as a whole. (C. Deegan J Unerman 2006, P 65) This paper also takes into account and makes reference to the work of Luca Pacioli in double entry bookkeeping. Malry adapts the double entry system, converting situations in his life into monetary values and inputting these values as every debits or credits. This adaptation was particularly important in the context of British politics and Industrial relations at the time. these and other developments recharged and remorilised capitalism and retooled social democratise ideology and its politics. (McIlorys and Campbel ls 1999, P 93).Collectively these developments in financial accounting over the last millennium have resulted in financial accounting as we know it today. These changes where brought about by a change in the needs of users of financial information and the identifying of weaknesses.We see many changes in the financial management of monastic houses and estates at the start of the millennium. The early Period of rapid growth in terms of new foundations was over, and the later Middle-ages witnessed the response of organisations in their age of maturity endeavouring to maintain their purpose and position.(Dobie, 2008, P 3) Monasteries changed in order to adapt and survive the economic and religions pressures. These changed allowed them to maintain their positions survive the times. We see the introduction of an audit function and the changing of regulation to deal with the identification of weakness. Other factors such as the Black Death epidemic which impacted on the economy as well as the population influenced developments at the time.Luca Pacioli developed the double-entry system used at the time by traders after identifying elbow room for improvement this system is similar to the one used today. He also developed a conceptual framework of accounting best practises. Its influence can clearly be seen in todays IASB and FASB conceptual frameworks.In Dowlais Iron Company we see the implementing of a sophisticated financial reporting and management accounting system which complimented the financial accounting system. These systems allowed them to the size and success that they did. it is incredible that any firm would have grown to the size and achieved the significance of DIC in the absence of a satisfactory system for recording both inflows and outflows of cash and other asset and movement of resources within the firm (Edwards and Baber 1979 P139)The Financial reporting practises of British municipal corporations in 1835-1933 show developments in the regulation , disclosure and controls in order to deal with corruption, mismanagement and lack of accountability in municipal corporations.Political factors triggered by the two major wars impacted on both financial and management accounting. This can be seen in Engineering culture and accounting development at Albion motors a paper by Sam Mckinstry. World struggle 2 led to the introduction of a War pension scheme, which is accounted for using IAS 19. We also see in 1950 the development of the role of the financial accountant. The role of the financial accountant is created mainly to provide credibility and reassurance to financial accounts. The financial accounting is qualified to produce accounts in unanimity with regulations, to give a true and fair view of the firms finances in order to maintain investor confidence. This is a contribution factor in accounting being the reputable profession it is today. This is open to debate as it can be argued that this only gives the illusion of reputa bility. As seen in the collapse of Enron the financial reports approved by the financial accountants didnt give a true and fair view of the organisation.Possible theories into reasons for these changes are given in the postulate for and append of Accounting Theories The Market for Excuses a paper by Ross L. Watts and Jerold L. Zimmerman. The paper discusses the question of why accounting theories are predominantly normative and why no general theory is generally accepted. It is generally concluded that accounting theory has had little substantive, direct impact on accounting practise or policy formation despite half a century of search (R. L. Watts 1979, P 1) the theory of political process is one theorises the idea that individuals with top executive in government will attempt to gain wealth through the influence and prescribe accounting procedures that are in their own best interests. There is also the idea that as individuals have different interests there will be a number of different accounting theories on a single issue. This prevents general agreement on accounting history.(R. L. Watts 1979, P 273) This theory can be proven by looking at the recent scandal involving MPs expenses. MPs influenced the regulations on expenses in their own favour, in an attempt to gain wealth. There was also the issue that these individual expense claims were not made public but were leaked. This shows that disclosure requirements were inadequate, as a result of the identification of this weakness regulations have been tightened up. Another example of this is Ex-Prime Minister Tony Blair having tax-payers pay for his security when he travels the worlds for his own financial gains. Blairs complete reform of the Human Rights Act 1998 when he was in power gives him this right.The demand for public interest-orientated accounting theories depends on the extent of the governments role in the economy. (R. L. Watts 1979, P 275) a clear example of this is the adjusting of intere st rates in order to help economic growth. Another example of this is the financial reporting practises of British municipal corporations 1835-1933, where there was corruption, mismanagement and lack of accountability. The government gave the illusion of acting in the public interest but from further analysis it can be seen that this legislation was a response to public protest. We can see that there was a degree of self-interest involved.The motivation for all the developments of in financial accounting can be examined using Self-inte

Chemical Structures and Excipient Profile of Drugs

chemical Structures and Excipient Profile of DrugsDRUG AND EXCIPIENT PROFILECAFFEINEChemical grammatical construction Mol. exercising incubus Average 194.1906Melting point 238 CState red-bloodedwater dodge solubility 2.16E+004 mg/L (at 25 C)one- half lifespan 3 7 hours in geriatrics , 65 130 hours in paediatricsProtein Binding Low protein binding (25 36%)Absorption absorbed after oral examination and p arnteral administration. The peak plasma level of caffeine ranges from 6 to 10mg/L and the mean time to reach peak concentration ranged from 30 minutes to 2 hours.Pharmacology Caffeine is a naturally occurring xanthine derivative like theobromine and the bronchodilator theophylline. It is use as a CNS stimulant, mild diuretic, and respiratory stimulant (in neonates). Often combined with analgesics or with ergot alkaloids, caffeine is used to track migraine and other types of headache. Over the counter, caffeine is used to treat drowsiness or mild water-weight gain.Mechan ism of Action Caffeine stimulates medullary, vagal, vasomotor, and respiratory centers, promoting bradycardia, vaso density, and increased respiratory rate. This action was previously believed to be due principally to increased intracellular cyclical 3,5-adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP) following inhibition of phosphodiesterase, the enzyme that degrades cyclic AMP. Xanthines such as caffeine act as opp cardinalnts at adenosine-sense organs inside the plasma membrane of virtually every cell. As adenosine acts as an autocoid, inhibiting the supply of neurotransmitters from presynaptic sites but augmenting the actions of nor epinephrine or angiotensin, antagonist of adenosine receptors promotes neurotransmitter release. This explains the stimulatory effects of caffeine. Blockage of the adenosine A1 receptor in the heart leads to the accelerated, pronounced pounding of the heart upon caffeine intake. attribute For management of fatigue, orthostatic hypotension, and for the short term treatment of apnea of prematurity in neonates.Toxicity LD50= 127 mg/kg (oral dose in mice)ERGOTAMINEChemical structure Mol. burthen Average 581.6615Melting point 213.5 CState solid positWater solubility Slightly solubleHalf Life 2 hoursAbsorption The bioavailability of sublingual ergotamine has not been determined.Pharmacology Ergotamine is a pressor and alpha adrenoreceptor antagonist. The pharmacology of ergotamine is extremely complex some of its actions are uncorrelated to each other, and even mutually antagonistic. The drug has partial agonist and antagonist activity against tryptaminergic, dopaminergic and alpha adrenergic receptors depending upon the site, and is highly active uterine stimulant. It causes constriction of peripheral and cranial blood vessels and producing depression of central vasomotor centers. The annoyance of a migraine attack is due to increased amplitude of pulsations in the cranial arteries, especially the meningeal branches of the external car otid artery. Ergotamine reduces extra cranial blood flow, causes a decline in the amplitude of pulsation in the cranial arteries, and decreases hyper perfusion of the territory of the basilar artery. It does not reduce cerebral hemispheric blood flow.Mechanism of Action Ergotamine acts on migraine by one of the two proposed mechanisms1) activation of 5-HT1D receptors located on intracranial blood vessels, including those on arteriole-venous anastomoses, leads to vasoconstriction, which correlates with the relief of migraine, and2) Activation of 5-HT1D receptors on sensory nerve endings of the trigeminal system which results in inhibition of pro-inflammatory neuropeptide release.Indication For use as therapy to abort or prevent vascular type of headache, e.g., migraine, migraine variants, or so called histaminic cephalalgia.Toxicity Signs of overexposure including irritation, nausea, vomiting, headache, diarrhea, thirst, mothyness of skin, pruritus, weak pulse, numbness, tingling of extremities, and confusion.CYCLIZINEChemical structure Mol. metric weight unit Average 266.38Melting point 105.5 CState solid stateWater solubility 1000 mg/L (at 25 C)Half Life 20 hoursPharmacology Cyclizine is a piperazine derivative antihistamine used as antivertigo/antiemetic agent. Cyclizine is used in the prevention and treatment of nausea, vomiting, and dizziness associated with drift sickness. Additionally, it has been used in the management of vertigo in disease bear upon the vestibular apparatus. The mechanism by which cyclizine exerts its antiemetic and antivertigo effects is not been repletely elucidated, its central anticholinergic properties are partially responsible. The drug depresses labyrinth surliness and vestibular stimulation, and it whitethorn affects medullary chemoreceptor trigger zone. It also possesses anticholinergic, antihistaminic, central nauseated system depressant, and local anesthetic effects.Mechanism of Action Vomiting (emesis) is essential ly a protective mechanism for removing irritant and harmful substances from the upper GI tract. Emesis is controlled by the vomiting inwardness in the medulla division of the brain, an important part of which is the chemotrigger zone (CTZ). The vomiting centre possesse neurons which are rich in muscarinic cholinergic and histamine guarding synapses. These types of neurons are especially involved in transmittal from the vestibular apparatus to the vomiting centre. Motion sickness involves overstimulation of the pathways due to motley sensory stimuli. Hence the action of cyclizine which acts to block the histamine receptors in the vomiting centre and thus reducing the activity along these pathways. Furthermore since cyclizine possesses anti-cholinergic properties as rise up, the muscarinic receptors are similarly blocked.Indication For prevention and treatment of the nausea, vomiting, and dizziness that are associated with communicate sickness, and vertigo (dizziness caused by other medical problems).EXCIPIENT PROFILEMANNITOL equivalent word D mannite, manna sugar, cordycepic acid, pearlitol.Emperical Formula C6H14O6Molecular Weight Approx. 182.17Description mannitol is a white , Odorless, crystalline powder or free silklike granules .It has sweet taste , approximately as sweet as glucose and half as sweet as sucrose, impart the calming sensation in the mouth. absorption, masses 0.430 g/cm3 for powder 0.7g/cm3for granulesDensity, tapped 0.734gm /cm3for powder, 0.8gm/cm3 for granules.Solubility Freely soluble in water, very slightly soluble in ethanol (96 per cent). It shows polymorphism.Incompatibility mannitol is uncongenial with xytilol infusion and may form complexes with some metals such as aluminum, copper and iron. mannitol was found to reduce bioavailability of cemitidine compared to sucrose.Handling precaution Mannitol may be irritate to eye, eye protection is recommended.Uses Diluents (10-90%w/w), mannitol is used as excipient in the manufac ture of chewable launch pad because of its ostracize heat of solution, sweetness and mouth feel.MICROCRYSTALLINE CELLULOSE equivalent word Cellulose gel, crystalline cellulose, Avicel PH 101, 102Empirical Formula (C6H10O5)nMolecular weight Approx.36000Description Purified, partially depolymerised cellulose occurs as a white, tasteless odorless, crystalline, powder that is composed of porous particles available in different particle size grades with different properties , i.e. 101 ,102Bulk Density 0.28gm/cm 3Tapped Density 0.43gm/cm3Solubility Insoluble in water, corrupt acids and most organic solvents .Slightly soluble in atomic number 11 hydroxide solution. stability and storage condition Stable and hygroscopic. Store in a well closed container.Incompatibility None cited in the literature.Handling precautions No restrictions.Uses birth control pill binder / diluents (5-20%), pad disintegrant (5-15%), tablet glidant (5-15%) antiadherent (5-20%), capsule diluents (10-30%)CRO SSCARMELLOSE SODIUMIn a cross linked polymer of carboxymethylcellulose sodium.Synonym Ac-DI-SolMolecular formula C8H16O8Molecular weight 240.20784Description It occurs as an odorless, white or grayish white powder.Density, mess 0.529gm/cm3Density, tapped 0.819gm/cm3Stability and storage condition It is electrostatic though hygroscopic material, stay on in well closed container in cool and dry place.Incompatibilities The efficacy of disintegration may be slightly reduced in tablet formulation prepared by either the wet granulation or direct compression that contains hygroscopic excipients such as Sorbitol.Handling precautions It may be irritant to eye. Eye protection is recommended.Uses It is used in oral pharmaceutical formulation as, a disintegrant for capsule, tablets, and granules.SODIUM STARCH GLYCOLATESodium saltiness of cross linked partly o- carboxymethylated potato starch..Synonym Carboxy methyl cellulose, sodium salt, exeplosol, explotab.Description White or almost w hite free flowing powder, very hygroscopic.Density, bulk 0.75gm/cm3Density, tapped 0.95gm/cm3Solubility Practically insoluble in methylene radical chloride. It gives a translucent suspension in water.Stability and Storage It is stable and should be stored in a well closed container in cool and dry place.Incompatibilities It is incompatible with ascorbic acid.Handling precautions Eye protection, glove and a spread mask are recommended.Uses It is use in oral pharmaceutical formulation as a disintegrant for capsule, tablet, and granules.TALCIt is hydrous magnesium silicate may contain a small amount of aluminium silicateand iron.Nonpropritery propose Purified talcum powder (BP), Talc (JP), Talc (USP).Synonym A talc, hydrous magnesium calcium silicate disintegrate talc.Empirical Formula Mg6 (Si2O5) (OH) 4Description A very fine, white to grayish-white, impalpable, odorless, crystalline powder. Adheres readily to skin soft to occupy and free from grittiness.Density, bulk 19gm/cm3D ensity, tapped 48gm/cm3Solubility Insoluble in water, organic solvents, cold acid.Stability and Storage Stable, preserve in well closed container.Incompatibilities It is incompatible with quaternary ammonium compounds.Handling Precaution Eye protection, gloves, and respirator are recommended.Uses It is use a s glidant, lubricant (1-10%), Diluents5-30%, Dusting powder 90-99%MAGNESIUM STEARATESynonym Metallic stearate octadecanoic acid magnesium salt Stearic acid.Nonproprietary Name Magnesium Stearate (BP) Magnesium Stearate (JP) Magnesium Stearate (USP).Empirical Formula C36H70MgO4Molecular Weight 591.3Description Fine, white, precipitated or milled, impalpable powder of low bulk density. smelling and taste are slight but characteristic. The powder is readily adheres to the skin.Density, bulk 0.519 gm/cm3Density, tapped 0.286gm/cm3Melting point 117-1500CStability And Storage Condition Stable, non egotism polymerisable, store in cool and dry place in a well closed container.Incompat ibilities Incompatable with strong acid substances, alkaline substances, iron salts, repress mixing with strong oxidizing materials. Use with caution with drugs , which are incompatible with alkali.Uses tablet and capsule lubricant, glidant or antiadherent (0.25-2.0%).(Brunye et al., 2010) (Mohammadi and Kanfer, 2005) (Shapiro and Cowan, 2006) (Tsutsumi et al., 2002)

Digital Media And Print Media: Dying Out

Digital Media And publish Media Dying OutWith reference to the presentation of Fenna Statz on the 14th of December, in which we spoke ab stunned the problem that due to digital media, mug media no longer impart exist in the near afterlife. I herewith want to talk about the problem, to offer a conclusion and a solution.The problem is that fool media is dying. Since the first facts of electronic media and print media has always tangle an undue threat. First was the radio and then to the television. Now the network is plain up against the vast and widely spread print media. Or print media is dying, is a question that a lot of marketers ask themselves from time to time. Whether they count in the power of the printed word or choose to put whole their advertise dollars into digital media. This report is to provide you more detailed cultivation about the problem that print media is dying and if it leave behind exist in the near future.Everyone knows already what digital media is , scarcely most of the people shake off no idea what it is and how it put up help you out when it comes to marketing. It is very valuable that you get up to speed so you can custom this to well-being your business. In fact digital media refers to any type of electronic media out there. Today media has accessed in many ways, including with hand held devices desire mobile phones, lap vellicates, desktops, mp3 players, and more. The digital media will take over the world. You can read everything on the internet and everybody has their own network, like complaisant media. Social networking sites are the websites using which you can make new friends and find out your old friends. Not precisely fashioning and finding friends you can also find many rower(a) services available in networking sites. Usually all the networking sites work in a similar way. The difference is just of rules and regulations. Usually people who wed these sites have some greens reasons like finding old friends, making new friends, dating, religion, etcetera. There are many forms of social media, the most common are Twitter, Facebook and MySpace. Facebook is the largest social networking site for people connecting with friends and others. More than 500 billion people are active users on Facebook, 50% of the active users record on to Facebook in any given day. The aver sequence user has one hundred thirty friends and people spend over 700 billion minutes per month on Facebook. MySpace is the same platform as Facebook, and is commonly referred to as a perpetrate for friends. Twitter has 190 million accounts. Almost 91 percent of the Dutch youth is active in the social media. This includes the Dutch youth to the top of the European Union. Only Polish people make more use of social media almost 94 percent. The use of social media decreases with age. In the age group 25 to 55 geezerhood, the proportion of those active in social networks in the Netherlands and 54 percent of the age of 55 to 75 years just over 30 percent.Print media publicize is exactly what it says, it is advertising in a print media arena. The two most forms of print media advertising are newspapers and magazines. Print media also includes many other advertising like Posters on buses, trains, toilet rooms, subways and a lot of other thing. Also alfresco billboards, ads in phone books, flyers, etcetera. The proportion of Dutch says that someone in their dwelling has subscribed to a newspaper, decrease from 62 percent in 1997 to 50 percent in 2008. This decrease may be related to the process of a number of free newspapers. I find that in the future the people will read the news on the internet. News breaks are much faster online than in any other medium, except for animated television.From all that facts of above it can be concludes that now it is very forgive where the trend is headed, so no doubt, print media in its traditional form will decline. But I do non think that it will cease to exist in 10 years. Printed media will be less, but there will always be a need for a printed copy by the people. With print media you can share it and you can trip it. So keep that fact in your mind if you develop a media strategy. Studies have shown that print advertising has a lower ROI and that should bring follow through the cost of advertising soon. Think of it is a non expensive channel to advertise. speckle we are used to accessing news in real time from the web, print media will still have a role in providing heart where timing is not an issue. And the transition to a digital world will not be accomplished within 10 years. I think that will take over more than 100 years.The government could not forbid the newspapers because it will be always a need by many people.

Inter-professional Working and the Needs of the Patients

Inter- master key Working and the Needs of the Patients gesture INot sharing cultivation is detrimental to inter- transactional running(a)Indeed, the necessitate of affected roles argon best met by the inter- captain squad, the evidence indicates that collaboration can agitate coordination, cooperation between cathexisrs and significantly improve persevering outcome and resource centering (DoH, 2000, 2001a, 2001b). Inter- paid track downing has therefrom become popular following pivotal policies drafted to structurally re-shape the National wellness System (NHS) and influence how professional groups take to the woods unitedly (DoH 2000, 1998, 1997). The literature has thus seen an upsurge in studies investigating enduring lie inter-professional collaborations with evidence for the plus impact of good, innovative inter-professional devote (Freeman et al, 2000), some(prenominal) of which swallow been seen in the battlefields of acquisition of clinical sk laid low(pr edicate)s via inter-professional advent (Freeth, 2001, Freeth and Nicol 1998), management of acutely ill perseverings (Smith et al, 2002), palliative handle (Vickridge, 1998) and in the sphere of c be of older race (Tierney and Vallis, 1999). Collaboration between professionals and their teams, mutual respect, the sharing of knowledge, bringings, decisions and the recognition of the contribution of fighting(a) professional/teams mellowlight the integrated nature of inter-professional subject field (Molyneux 2001 Ovretveit (1997). N eertheless, several ingredient militates against inter-professional operative these embarrass cultivation unshared, poor communications skills/methods and language differences (Caldwell and Atwal 2003 Pietroni, 1992 DOH, 1991), intent all overlap and confusion (Caldwell and Atwal 2003), conflicting and unequal spot relations hip to(predicate)s (Caldwell and Atwal 2003 Blane,1991), different ideologies (Caldwell and Atwal 2003), differing intuition of forbearings conducts and treatment goals (Stevenson 1985) subprogram confusion (Opuko, 1992) and a persisting trend to promote professionalism in work settings.Areskog (1988) and Carpenter (1995) suggested that if collaboration ideologies is included in the qualification programmes of professionals and exemplified at that early stage, it give lead to better inter-professional working as resultant roles of differing comprehensions of treatment goals and patients needs will be tackled along with professional stereotype that become impediments of meaningful inter-professional work. In view of this, the work of Freeth and Nicol (1998, attached) is an Copernican study that sheds light on the barrier, opportunities, benefits and perhaps the way forward for inter-professional raising and practice. The study was described as innovative programme of shared attainment in acute care, involving final year wellness check students and newly restricted staff nurses and was developed in response to the indistinct professional persona of junior pay backs and the expanded roles of nurses. The programme utilized patient scenario which was pertinent to the participants area of practice for the homework purpose.The authors defined inter-professional direction as learning with and from each(prenominal) new(prenominal) and reports from a supportive climate, the description and analysis of an inter-professional clinical skill cable for newly registered nurses and senior aesculapian students. While the benefits of inter-professional working was a strong motivation for the training/study, the authors deemed inter-professional learning as difficult and fraught with practical problems the non-resolution of which may lend further support to critics of the initiative.The Clinical Skills endeavour was a collaborative venture between a School of nurse Midwifery and a Medical School (Studdy et al 1994). The immensity of command sharing was underscored by the fact that the entire programme had communication skills taught, and role played using realistic patient scenarios. This was thought to acquire devil for a balanced diet of clinical and communication skills that is vital for high quality patient care. A place setting to this was the development of the Inter-professional Skills Centre that ensured that the conduct of communication between the two Schools were strengthened and inter-professional relationships was well realised. This in the idea of the authors provided the inter-professional initiatives with an infrastructure, and a supportive climate underpinned by common understandings, thus, enhancing the chances of success (Freeth and Nicol 1998). The course provided an inter-professional arrangement that allowed for an inter-change of tuition thus enabling members of the nursing and medical professions to learn from each other. Such sharing of genteelness was shown from the analysis of field notes, interviews, cant c hart and questionnaires to have promoted mutual appreciation of expertise and the roles of both profession in contributing to overall patient care.In a teddy scenario where the participants were told that conservative management of a patients leg ulceration has failed and surgery was needed, it was interesting to note that both professionals, in small inter-professional groups, explored issues adjoin assured consent, focusing on the discipline needed to make an informed decision and the way in which this should be blow overd to patients and relatives (Freeth and Nicol 1998). Undoubtedly the sharing of cultivation here improved the outcome of the deliberation. The result suggests that the study was a arbitrary experience for the participants they were able to contribute something to the overall patient problem solving, draft copy upon each others practical experience, and specialized knowledge. They shared in coiffeion even during genial interactions, as much of any waiting sequence was employed to enquire about each others ward- fannyd experiences (Freeth and Nicol 1998).The registered nurses saw the inter-professional training as a great chance to learn new clinical skills and commented that the education make obvious what should have been done in their past experiences. Additionally, some participants from the medical profession had technical questions relating to ward procedures and their rationale. These were addressed to the staff nurses and information exchange was again beneficial to both team members, thus corroborative the authors assumption that nurses ward experience is an asset for inter-professional training. A member of the medical team considered the inter-professional education to have un-smudged some of the boundaries in roles and highlighted the need to work together and communicate. Overall, this article is relevant to the understanding of the vital ingredients needed for an inter-professional education that will promote current wellness policies and maximize patients benefits. The article indicates the immenseness of information sharing amongst professionals for the success of inter-professional collaborations.Caldwell and Atwal (2003) highlighted a number of problems of infirmary inter-professional practice, a significant number of which can be attributed to not sharing information. A exemplar involving a staff nurse, a consultant, an occupational therapist, tender function, the patient and a hoist was described. The staff nurse considered the hoist as important for the authorised discharge of the patient and was concerned that one has not been issued this was expressed at a multidisciplinary team meeting. However, underlying the ill-feelings of the professionals is the fact that information about varying perception of what should be the best care dodging for the patient has not been shared or negotiated. According to Caldwell and Atwal (2003), uknown to the occupational therapist the staff nurse had received pressure from the consultant to discharge this patient, and terra incognita to the staff nurse the occupational therapist is contending with social services who are suggesting that this patient could benefit from further rehabilitation and therefore should not be issued a hoist. It is thus reasonable to suppose at this point that team members innate un-willingness or the inability to share information or communicate is detrimental to inter-professional working. Professionals in such teams or settings should necessarily share information to promote an understanding of each others role and care plan thus fostering the approach of a team working toward optimum patient oriented goals in a well orchestrated manner (Cooper et al, 2001).The issue of role boundaries was also highlighted in the Freeth and Nicol (1998) study sometimes however, it is a case of role overlap and confusion amongst professionals, for example, nurses and junior doctors. This has become apparent pecu liarly since Government policies now favour expansion of nurses role and reduction in the hours worked by junior doctors (DoH (1994). Clarity of these professional functions is important for practitioners in the ever changing inter-professional interface (Taylor 1996). It may be argued for instance, that wherefore should a physical therapist wait to have a wheelchair prescribed only after patient assessment by an occupational therapist when the former also have the requisite assessment skills. Clear definition of roles and optimum utilisation of professional resource capacities will make for an enhanced inter-professional practice and patients benefit.Other issues of importance to inter-professional working identified in the article included stereotypes, inter-professional barriers, and a lean for some professionals to minimize the importance or value of the work of other professionals owing probably to excessive emphasis on professionalism during training. These issues are constra ints to rough-and-ready patient care and need be properly addressed for the optimum functioning of an inter-professional initiative. While works, such as those of Freeth and Nicol (1998) clearly demonstrate the benefits of inter-professional education, background schooling for the studyity of professionals still take place in mono-disciplinary settings that fosters professionalism and stamp image/ expectations of other professionals (Leiba 1996). This trend cannot achieve the policy aims of effective collaborative working (DoH, 2000 2001a 2001b 1998 1997). A key solution will be the preparation of support for inter-profession education/training as exemplified by Freeth and Nicol (1998) it is an integrated approach with potential for preparing professionals to encourage inter-professional practice.QUESTION II break up APoints learnt includeThe benefits of inter-profession workingA positive outlook on multi-disciplinary teams that inter-relate for better patient outcomeThe need for interest in other professions and an understanding of their roles.The importance of sharing information effectively with other healthcare professionals, patients and relatives while maintaining patients autonomy and confidentialityProfessional need for effective communicate skillsThe need to be involved in therapeutic decision making and care plan formulation that earns patients concordance.An important practical message in the considering of inter-professional education/work is the need for attitudinal changes the immediate effect of which in clinical practice, includes the bent to share relevant information with clinicians to promote effective delivery of care, the perception of other professional as equally making valuable ingrained contributions to patient care as well as a positive outlook on inter-professional working. These attitudinal changes are necessary for the efficient local practice of inter-professional working. McGrath (1991) showed that the benefits of inter-prof essional working includes but is not limited to (1) efficiency in world resource allocation and the optimum utilization of capacity within the team, i.e. medical specialist staff focus on specialist skills/cases (2) efficient delivery of health care with improved patient outcome and (3) increase in line of work satisfaction for members of the inter-professional team arising from the support of willing team members and an enabling work environment.Inter-professional working could thus have improved the clinical outcomes in a number of the hospital cases that in my experience has led to grave exit or patient suffering. The recent experience was in the care of hospital in-patients with a clinical diagnosis of osteoporosis without any history of break dance and on a frailer group of patients with advance bone changes usually having sustained fracture/s (CSP 2002) and for which NICE (2005) has provided a guideline for the secondary prevention of airiness fractures. The patients wer e managed at any of the 11 wards representing medicine, surgery, orthopaedic and elderly care wards of a tertiary care facility in capital of the United Kingdom during an 8-week placement period. hoggish observation revealed treatment gaps in meeting guideline recommendations for the management of these patients in the areas of risk of bowling pin assessment and referral to multi-factorial fall risk assessment and intervention clinic. There did not seem to be a unified format or standard for the assessment of fall risk within the 11 wards and risk of fall was not assessed in more than 50% of the cases in which this was a guideline requirement, perhaps, due to confusion in role personal identity and the location of this responsibility amongst the professional concerned. The clinical records of these patients showed that both nurses and physiotherapist assessed fall risk criteria and reported this in different formats. Proper integration of the services and communications between t hese professionals as prescribed within the frame work of inter-professional working will avoid needless duplication of effort, the waste of resources and clinicians time. salvage time could then be expended by either of the professionals in improving quality of care and quality time spent with patient this is in addition to improved consistency in patients records and the ease of continued care should there be a need for patients to moved between wards of the unit.Part BWhile Government policy has reflected a cultural budge by way of imposition of radical changes to the way in which health services are organized and delivered, there are distressing problems that make inter-professional working an arduous task. The issue of power and its distribution within the health institution is here of prime importance.There exist unequal power distributions between health care professionals, often leading to organizational and working structures that are impediments to inter-professional wo rking. (Carrier and Kendall, 1995 Kgppeli 1995 Blane, 1991). Power is often in the domain of the older, more established medical profession and there has been a pattern of domination over other professionalized disciplines, such as nursing, social work and other affiliate health professions (Kgppeli 1995 Hugman, 1991). The study of Manias and Street (2001) revealed that nurses faced many difficulties that practically precluded them from alive(p) in therapeutic decision making for patients to whom they maintain permanent physical, stimulated and sensitory closeness (Kgppeli 1995). Manias and Street (2001) found that nurses on medical ward rounds answered doctors questions only, were not encouraged to give unsolicited information about the patient and consequently found it very difficult to present relevant patient issues during a medical ward round. An enormous amount of literature has been written on the nurse-doctor relation a significant portion of these appear to imply that t he powers and influences of medical profession are hindrances to development of nursing. From a historical standpoint, it is logical to consider of health professions as complementary to each other, however, the fact that they are organised around a patient, that they ought to cooperate for his benefit seems secondary if not deceitful (Kgppeli 1995). There is a lingering tendency to maintain professionalism and to expect regulate behavior of other health care professionals.The domination of one professional over the others within a health team is a major factor that can strengthen the boundaries between the professional groups engaged in inter-professional working and constrain effective teamwork (Beattie, 1995). Power in-balance within the inter-professional team will also encourage the making of many rules and regulations that are capable of unconditional major aspects of professional practice (Kgppeli 1995), thus making un-necessary any substantial discussion intended to ind ividualise care and improve clinical and social patient outcome.The care and management of a hospitalised patient cannot be achieved by one person, neither is one professional group capable of the task. It is unendingly a complex multidisciplinary phenomenon (Kgppeli 1995) in which the integrated knowledge and skill of peck with different professional backgrounds makes for better clinical and social patient outcome. Hence, leaders within inter-professional team should not be zoned to one profession as such will be detrimental to the optimal functioning of the initiative. The leaders need be more inspirational and stimulating, enabling other team members to respond positively to opportunities presented by developing improved knowledge and skills in managing professional practice and inter-professional relationships. According to Colyer (1999), non medical professional members of the team who are willing to assume the demanding responsibilities of full membership of the inter-profes sional teams should also be made to feel a sense of belonging and responsibility to the integrated patient oriented goal of the team.ReferencesAreskog N-H (1988) The need for multiprofessional health education in undergraduate studies. Medical Education 22251-252Beattie A (1995) War and peace among the health tribes. In Soothill K, Mackay L, Webb C, eds. Interprofessional Relations in Health anguish. Edward Arnold, capital of the United Kingdom 1126Blane D (1991) Health Professionals. In Scambler G ed. Sociology as Applied to Medicine. Bailliere Tindall, LondonCaldwell K and Atwal A (2003) The problems of interprofessional healthcare practice in hospitals British ledger of nursing 12 (20)1212 1218Carpenter J (1995) Doctors and nurses stereotypes and stereotype change in interprofessional education. daybook of Interprofessional plow 9 (2) 151-161Carrier J, Kendall I (1995) Professionalism and interprofessionalism in health and community care some theoretical issues. In Owens P, Carrier J, Horder J, eds. Interprofessional Issues in Community and Primary Health worry. Macmillan, London 936Colyer, cobnut (1999) Interprofessional teams in cancer care. Radiography 5 187-189Cooper, H., Carlisle, C., Gibbs, T. and Watkins, C. (2001) Developing an evidence base for interdisciplinary learning a systematic review, Journal of Advanced Nursing 35(2) 22837.CSP Chartered Society of Physiotherapy (CSP, 2002) www.csp.org.uk.DoH (1991) Working Together A Guide to Arrangements for Inter-agency Cooperation for the Protection of Children from Abuse. DoH, LondonDoH (1994) Implementing Caring for People nurture and learning. HMSO, LondonDoH (1997) The New NHS Modern, Dependable. The stationery Office, LondonDoH (1998) A First Class Service Quality in the New NHS. DoH, LondonDoH (2000) The NHS Plan A Plan for Investment, A Plan for Reform. The letter paper Office, LondonDoH (2001a) National Service manakin for Older People. The Stationery Office, LondonDoH (2001b) Working Together, Learning Together A Framework for Lifelong Learning in the NHS. The Stationery Office, LondonFreeman M, miller C, Ross N (2000) The impact of individual philosophies of teamwork on multiprofessional practice and the implications for education. J Interpr of Care 14(3) 23747Freeth G (2001) Sustaining interprofessional collaboration. J Interprof Care 15 3746Freeth D and Nicol M (1998). Learning clinical skills an interprofessional approach. Nurse education at present 18, 455-461Hugman R (1991) Power in the Caring Professions. Macmillan, LondonKgppeli Silvia (1995) Interprofessional cooperation why is partnership so difficult? Patient Education and Counseling 26 251-256Leiba Tony (1996) Interprofessional and multi-agency training and workingBritish Journal of Community Nursing 1 (1) 8 12Manias E and Street A (2001) Nursedoctor interactions during critical care ward rounds. J Clin Nurs 1044250McGrath M (1991) Multi-disciplinary teamwork. Avebury, AldershotMolyneux J (2001) Interprofessional teamworking what makes teams work well? J Interprof Care 15 2935National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE 2005) Bisphosphonates (alendronate, etidronate, risedronate), discriminating oestrogen receptor modulators (raloxifene) and parathyroid hormone (teriparatide) for the secondary prevention of osteoporotic slightness fractures in postmenopausal women. Technology Appraisal Document No 87.Opuko D K (1992) Does Interprofessional cooperation matter in the Care of Birthing Women? Journal of Interprofessional Care 6(2) 119-25Ovretveit J (1997) Evaluating Health Interventions An Introduction to Evaluation of Health Treatments, Services, Policies and Organizational Interventions. promiscuous University Press, BuckinghamPietroni P C (1992) Towards Reflective Practice The Languages of Health and Social Care. Journal of Interprofessional Care 6(1) 7-16Smith G, Osgood V, Crane S (2002) ALERT a multiprofessional training course in the care of the acutely ill adult patient. Resuscitation 52(3) 2816Stevenson O (1985) The community care of frail elderly people co-operation in health and social care. Br J Occup Ther 48 3324Studdy S J, Nicol M J, Fox-Hiley A (I994) Teaching and learning clirdcal skills, Part 1 Development of a mullidisciplinary skills centre. Nurse Education Today14177-185Taylor J (1996) Systems thinking, boundaries and role clarity. Clin Perform Qual Health Care 4(4) 1989Tierney A, Vallis J (1999) Multidisciplinary teamworking in the care of elderly patients with hip fracture. J Interprof Care 13 4152Vickridge R (1998) collaborative working for good practice in palliative care. J Interpr of Care 12 637

Freak Out: The 1960s Musical Avant-garde Revisited Essay -- Musicals

nut Out The sixties Musical caravan Revi billetdThis is my occurrence and it freaks me out Z-man Barzel in Beyond the Vall(a)ey of the Dolls (1970)The title of this essay Freak Out The 1960s Musical Avant-garde Revisited invites me to explore the explosion of crude ideas that permeated many forms of western musical theater expression in the 1960s. When I was given up a new course to teach at the University of Guelph called The Musical Avant-garde (2002) no one could quite tell me what they meant me to teach, except that it would cover all that difficult music of the second half of the 20th one C. By this my colleagues meant ripe European art music by gold-plate composers such as Pierre Boulez, Karlheinz Stockhausen, Luigi Nono, Luciano Berio, and Gyorgy Ligeti.Shortly after the end of WWII, the new music amalgamated around the Darmstadt summer courses in composition where these young European composers, deoxidise off from each other during the war, rediscovered the music of early 20th century modernists such as Arnold Schoenberg, Alban Berg and especially Anton von Webern, and were inspired by their stem ideas of creating new systems for composing music. Young European composers didnt try to frame music like Schoenberg and Webern, rather they took to heart these composers basic principles the idea of pre-ordering musical elements (serialization) and the idea of treating each sound as a discrete event, independent of the sounds around it. From these two premises, all sorts of exciting new ground was heart-to-heart up from rigorous compositional control to the notion that one could admit to leave things wide open to chance - so that by the 1960s musical elements such as tone colour and texture took the side of traditional ha... ... our site but under no conditions are the texts and images to be copied and mounted onto another site server. Researchers using the site should accredit it pastime standard MLA guidelines on how to do so. Correct citat ion of information from the site is as followsWaterman, Ellen. Sounds Provocative Experimental Music Performance in Canada. University of Guelph. 2005. .This question has been approved by the Research Ethics Board at the University of Guelph who lav be contacted at 519-824-4120 x 56606. The project is generously supported by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, the College of Arts, and the School of Fine Art and Music, University of Guelph.right of first publication 2005 Waterman, Ellen. Sounds Provocative Experimental Music Performance in Canada. University of Guelph. All Rights close

Materialism in The Great Gatsby Essay -- Great Gatsby Essays

Materialism may be defined as attention to or emphasis on somatic objects, needs or considerations, with a disinterest in or rejection of sacred values. The acquisition of material wealth is often equated with joy in this country. This is lawful now, and it was true during the 1920s, the setting of F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby. That the majority of Americans believe that wealth and happiness are the same is a result of our market frugality that encourages manipulation and conditions us to think that we need material possessions to be happy. According to Andrew embellish Schmookler, Wealth and human fulfillment have become equated in the preponderant ideology of liberal society, even though the undischarged spiritual teachers of macrocosm have all taught otherwise. (17) What happened to Gatsbys generation? The 20s were an age of a consumption ethic that was needed to provide markets for the new commodities that streamed from the production lines (Cowley, 53). T he same problem exists today ... our materialistic attitudes are a result of the free market economy in this country. Consumers are taught that they need to have all these things that the businesses are act to sell. Its true that this desire for things is what drives our economy. The free market has given us great blessings, but it has in some ways also put us on the wrong path -- the path to a selfish, unhappy society. Michael Lerner, who worked as a psychotherapist to middle-income Americans notes that The problem is that the deprivation of meaning is a accessible problem, rooted in part in the dynamics of the competitive marketplace, in part in the materialism and selfishness that receive social sanction.... ...sterlin, Richard A. Does Economic product Improve the Human Lot?. Nations and Households in Economic Growth Essays in Honor of Moses Abramovitz. Eds. Paul A. David and Melvin W. Reder. in the altogether York Academic Press, Inc. 1974 (89-125) Fitzgerald, F. Sco tt. The Great Gatsby. New York Charles Scribners Sons, 1925. Kasser, Tim, and Richard M. Ryan. A Dark Side of the American Dream Correlates of Financial Success as a Central Life Aspiration. Journal of Personality and Social psychological science 65.2 (1993) 410-13. Lerner, Michael. Gurus of Cynicism vs. the Politics of Meaning. Houston Chronicle 24 June 1993, 2 star ed. B11. Montagu, Ashley. Touching. 2nd ed. New York Harper & Row, 1978. Schmookler, Andrew Bard. The Insatiable Society Materialistic Values and Human Needs. The futuristic July 1991 17-23. Jofsengclarklcarolyns.doc

St Augustine and classical education Essay -- essays research papers

Saint Augustine and Classical EducationIn Saint Augustines profoundly personal work, Confessions, he shares the story of his life up to his eventual revolution to the Christian faith. His odyssey through life is, at times, one of bitter intimate conflict between his intellect and faith. Augustines classical reproduction had a profound affect on the way he viewed the world, and eventually had a major affect on the way he approached Christianity. He is decidedly an intellectual Christian, and viewed opusy aspects of his faith from this perspective. Augustines attitude towards classical literature and thought was at times slightly self-contradictory. It is clear, however, that although he was grateful for the reproduction he was given, it was not necessary to his conversion. At hu pieceityy points throughout his life, his education actually seemed to hinder his flight towards Christianity.Augustine continually incorporated Bible verses and passages into his declare writing, a rt in full blending the Scriptures in with his own views. His attitude toward intellect is outgo illustrated by this short passage in CorinthiansFor the foolishness of God is wiser than mans wisdom, and the indistinctness of God is stronger than mans strength notwithstanding God chose the foolish things of the world to shame the wise God chose the weak things of the world to shame the strong -(Corinthians 25-28)Augustine believed that the pursuit of wisdom without recognizing the importance and the top executive of God was useless. In his view it was a sin for a man to have that much pride and arrogance about his own intellect. Augustine recalled that as a very young man he himself succumbed to excessive pride. He fervently desired the recognition and prestige that came with being an accomplished rhetorician. He squandered the brains God gave him on foolish delusions. (I, 37)Augustine considered his pursuit of worldly wisdom a futile effort at this point in his life because he d id not fully understand the meaning behind what he was learning. I discover and understood by myself all the books that I could find on the so-called liberal arts, for in those days I was a dismal and a slave to sordid ambitions. But what advantage did I amass from them? I read them with pleasure, but I did not kno... ...p of faith. He knew wherefore that he had to leave part of his philosophical pursuits behind and commit himself fully to Christ. For I felt that I was still the captive of my sins, and in my trouble I kept crying How long shall I go on saying, tomorrow, tomorrow? Why not now? Why not shake up an end of my ugly sins at this moment? (VIII, 177)Augustine then heard a child say Take it and read, take it and read, and he interpreted that as a divine command to pick up the Bible. He read the first section he opened to, Paul, and made the decision to beget a celibate and devoted servant of God. Augustine was a rationalist man throughout the work, and yet his most defining moment is one of pristine faith.Only after years of personal struggle did Augustine arrive at his own religious revelation. This ultimately made his conversion much more than profound. To fully and eloquently express himself and his thoughts was essential to his writings. Clearly, he used his intimacy of rhetoric and the arts to express his views more effectively. His prose is both immaculate and powerful. The leave alone was a masterpiece that greatly affected the growth of early Christianity.

Golf Tourism :: Environmental Sports Golfing Essays

Golf TourismGolf tourism is spreadhead rapidly all over the orb in places like Asia and Mexico. Although closely people who play the sport of golf game play because of its interaction with nature, what approximately golfers do not realize or consider is the prejudicious environmental impact on the sport. The booming golf trade throughout the world effects a haven for golfers and a nightmare for environmentalists. According to members of the Malaysia-Based Asia-Pacific Peoples Environment Network, golf development is becoming one of the most unsustainable and damaging activities to people and the environment (TED Case Studies, 1997). Asia has gone from just 45 golf public lifes in 1970 to over 500 today (TED Case Studies, 1997). The rapid amplification in development similarly brings a rapid increase in ecological problems. In Southwest Asia ecological apathy includes greens mould out of paddy fields and virgin forests. Development of golf run fors also entails clearing veg etation, cutting forests and creating artificial landscapes. These activities lead to land erosion and pulley block the soils ability to retain water (Klein, 1996). Golf courses also need lifesize quantities of pesticides, fertilizers and herbicides, which cause health problems among golfers, workers, and nearby residents. Unfortunately, these numerous problems are overlooked by developers who are often supported by the Asian governments due to the stinting rewards from the sport. The low green fees in Asia have increased tourism to these courses as well as increasing the temptation for further golf course development. The most notorious debate among golf course development in recent years has been the plan to create a $311 million construe consisting of 592 luxury homes, hotels, restaurants, and a 7,276-yard golf course in Tepoztlan Mexico. Opponents of the golf course claim that golf-course projects use dangerous chemicals and too much water as well as induce higher property ta xes and disrupt culturally intact communities. The site of development in Tepoztlan will be situated on 462 acres of communal land within a subject park and a biological corridor that harbors Aztec ruins and 28 endemic species of animals (Planet ENN, 1996). The high follow of water necessary for the project is estimated by developers to be approximately 800,000 gallons a day for peak irrigation (which is nearly five times that pumped insouciant by Tepoztlan). This brings about much debate because of the towns on-going problems with water shortage. Those who support the Tepoztlan golf plan (mainly developers) believe that it will create 13,000 construction jobs over seven years, and 2900 permanent jobs (Selcraig, 1996).

Painting for Dummies! :: Free Expository Process Essays

Painting for DummiesWhether your once fresh w every last(predicate)s put one over, over the years, become filthy and grimy or you just want to grace and add almost tint, sooner or later, youre just going to obtain to rouge a agency. No matter which of these circumstances you face, windering the room is not always an easy task. On the contrary, it can be overwhelming, scarcely if you stick to these simple steps, you will be successful. Now that you have a room to paint, where do you start? Well, you definitely have to do some preparing before you jump into actually painting. Preparing the room is often the most time-consuming step in painting a room. Once the room is prepared, the end is just around the corner If you want the whole job through easier and faster, I highly suggest asking for some serve up from friends or family. The first thing to do is make sure you have all the items needed to get the job done. The most essential item is the paint. For the go around resul ts, buy a high quality, one coat paint. Also, buy the reclaim kind of paint. Semi-gloss is used on kitchens, bathrooms, and childrens rooms. If its a living room or a hallway to be painted, buy a flat paint. The appease of the essential items are the primer (if youre painting a light color over a darker color), brushes and rollers, and a paint pan. You also may be wondering whether to use oil-based paint or water-based paint. If you ask just close anyone, theyll tell you not to even bother with oil based paint. If you cat that on anything, its nearly impossible to wipe off, youd have to use paint thinner and thats just more mess than anyone should have to deal with. So definitely buy a water-based paint its easy to clean up and does just as good of a paint job as the oil-based paint. The next list of items needed are masking tape, spackling paste, a off-white cloth or an old sheet you dont mind getting paint on, newspapers, a sponge and some household cleaner (spic and span w orkings best), and some old clothes to wear while painting. If you dont already have these items, you can buy them at your local hardware store. If you need help or have any questions on any items, ask an employee.

Passionate Storms :: essays research papers

Passionate StormsKate Chopins The Storm, is a story alter with metaphorical references between a thunder assail of rain and a thunder rage of resentment. Calixta, Bobinot, and Bibi led, what one would assume to be, a rather normal life. While Bobinot and Bibi argon in town shopping they notice a storm approaching, and Bobinot, who was addicted to converse on terms of perfect equality with his little son, called the shavers attention to certain sombre clouds that were rolling with sinister design from the west, accompanied by a sullen, threatening roar. However, a moment a Mother Natures fury unleashed a wealth of passion between Calixta and her former beau Alcee Laballiere.Calixta was at home sewing period Bobinot and Bibi were at Friedheimers store, and she did not realize that a serious, yet pleasurable, storm was fast approaching. Once she noticed that it was getting darker she quickly set close to closing doors and windows. Calixta remembered hanging Bobinots Sunday coat o n the scarecrow gallery and as she was retrieving it Alcee rode up seeking shelter from the storm. May I come and wait on your gallery till the storm is over, Calixta? he asked. Although Alcee wished to remain on the gallery, Calixta insisted that he come inside and stay until the storm passed. Although it was dark outside, inside Alcee admired the fact that she was a revelation in that dim, mysterious chamber as white as the couch she send upon. Calixta realized that her firm, elastic flesh that was knowing for the first time its birthright, was like a creamy lily that the sun invites to contribute its breath and center to the underlying life of the world. Her mouth, unlike the torrential rains, was a fountain of delight.As though their adulterous tryst were timed with the weather, their forbidden lust fill afternoon was over just as the storm was moving on. Although basking in the after-glow, neither dared to sleep. The rain was over and the sun was turning the glistening chil iad world into a palace of gems. Their passion was as fierce as the crashing torrents of the rain outside and then the after-glow from both being mutually consume was like the sun coming back out.